FUNCTIONS OF MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AN AUTOMOBILE

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Functions of Major Components of an Automobile

 

Chasis and Frame

  • The chasis is formed by the frame with the frame side members and cross members.
  • The frame is usually made of box, tubular and channel members that are welded or riveted together.
  • In addition to this, it comprises of the springs with the axles and wheels, the steering system and the brakes, the fuel tank, the exhaust system, the radiator, the battery and other accessories. Along with this the frame supports the body.

Engine or Power Plant

  • The engine is the power plant of the vehicle. In general, internal combustion engine with petrol or diesel fuel is used to run a vehicle.
  • An engine may be either a two-stroke engine or a four-stroke engine.
  • An engine consists of a cylinder, piston, valves, valve operating mechanism, carburetor (or MPFI in modern cars), fan, fuel feed pump and oil pump, etc. Besides this, an engine requires ignition system for burning fuel in the engine

Clutch

  • The purpose of the clutch is to allow the driver to couple or decouple the engine and transmission.
  • When clutch is in engaged position, the engine power flows to the transmission through it (clutch).
  • When gears are to be changed while vehicle is running, the clutch permits temporary decoupling of engine and wheels so that gears can be shifted. In a scooter, the clutch is operated by hand where as in a car the clutch is operated by foot.
  • It is necessary to interrupt the flow of power before gears are changed. Without a clutch, it will by very difficult.

Final Drive

  • Final drive is the last stage in transferring power from engine to wheels. It reduces the speed of the propeller shaft (drive shaft) to that of wheels. It also turns the drive of the propeller shaft by an angle of 90o to drive the wheels.

Braking System

  • Brakes are used to slow down or stop the vehicle.
  • Hydraulic brakes are generally used in automobiles, where brakes are applied by pressure on a fluid.
  • Mechanical brakes are also used in some vehicles. These brakes are operated by means of leavers, linkages, pedals, cams, etc.
  • Hand brake or parking brake is usually a mechanical brake. These are used for parking the vehicles on sloppy surfaces and also in case of emergency.

Gear Box

  • Gear box contain gearing arrangement to get different speeds.
  • Gears are used to get more than one speed ratios. When both mating gears have same number of teeth, both will rotate at same number speed. But when one gear has less teeth than other, the gear with less number of teeth will rotate faster than larger gear. In a typical car, there may be six gears including one reverse gear.
  • First gear gives low speed but high torque.
  • Higher gears give progressively increasing speeds.
  • Gears are engaged and disengaged by a shift lever.

Steering System

  • In front wheels can be turned to left and right by steering system so that the vehicle can be steered.
  • The steering wheel is placed in front of driver. It is mechanically linked to the wheels to provide the steering control.
  • The primary function of the steering system is to provide angular motion to front wheels so that vehicle can negotiate a turn. It also provid.

Front Axle

  • Front axles are mounted at the end of front axle. A part of the weight of vehicle is transmitted to the wheels through this axle. The front axle performs several functions
  • It carries the weight of the front of the vehicle and also takes horizontal and vertical loads when vehicle moves on bumpy roads.
  • When brakes are provided on front wheels, it endures bending stresses and torsional stresses. It is generally made from steel drop forging. It is robust in construction.

Suspension System

  • Suspension system of an automobile separates the wheel and axle assembly of the automobile from its body.
  • Main function of the suspension system is to isolate the body of the vehicle from shocks and vibrations generated due to irregularities on the surface of roads.
  • Shock absorbers are provided in the vehicles for this purpose. It is in the form of spring and damper.
  • The suspension system is provided both on front end and rear end of the vehicle.
  • A suspension system also maintains the stability of the vehicle in pitching or rolling when vehicle is in motion.

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